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The NS ''Yamal'' ((ロシア語:Яма́л)) is a Russian ''Arktika'' class nuclear-powered icebreaker operated by Atomflot (formerly by the Murmansk Shipping Company). It is named after the Yamal Peninsula in Northwest Siberia; the name means ''End of the Land'' in Nenets. Laid down in Leningrad in 1986, and launched in October 1992, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, it never filled its designed role of keeping shipping lanes open. It has always carried passengers on arctic excursions. In July of 1994 ''Yamal'' took an excursion to the North Pole, with the NSF (National Science Foundation), to celebrate the Official Maiden Voyage. While at the exact north pole (verified by GPS & Inmarsat satellite coordinates) the crew and passengers celebrated with a barbeque - the ambient temperature was -10 degrees F (wind gusts were measured at -40 degrees F). Because of the ship 90/90 coordinates the ship captain (Smirnov) organized a swimming party with Mr. Will Rountree (USA) being recorded as the 1st person to ever swim there (21 Jul 94) - water temperature was below freezing, ranging from 28 degrees to 31 degrees F. The ''Yamal'' is the 12th surface ship ever to reach the north pole. The ''Yamal'' is equipped with a double hull. The outer hull is 48 mm thick where ice is met and 25 mm elsewhere and has a polymer coating to reduce friction. There is water ballast between the inner and outer hulls which can be shifted in order to aid icebreaking. Icebreaking is also assisted by an air bubbling system which can deliver 24 m³/s of air from jets 9 m below the surface. The ''Yamal'' can break ice while making way either forwards or backwards. ''Yamal'' is one of the Russian "Arktika" family of icebreakers, the most powerful icebreakers in the world. These ships must cruise in cold water to cool their reactors, so they cannot pass through the tropics to undertake voyages in the Southern hemisphere. ''Yamal'' carries one helicopter and several Zodiac boats. Radio and satellite communications systems are installed which can provide navigation, telephone, fax, and email services. Amenities include a large dining room (capable of holding all 100 passengers in one sitting), a library, passenger lounge, auditorium, volleyball court, gymnasium, heated indoor swimming pool, a sauna, and an infirmary. She is equipped with 50 passenger cabins and suites, all with toilets, exterior windows, a television, and a desk. ''Yamal'' also played a significant role in creation of annual travel expeditions to the North Pole, being one of the few vessels capable of getting there and bringing tourists with it in safety. Since 1993 the icebreaker was operated by Murmansk Shipping Company and in 2001-2008 the operation was made by Murmansk Shipping Company and Poseidon Expeditions.〔http://web.archive.org/web/20010123223700/http://www.northpolevoyages.com/aboard_e.htm〕 ''Yamal'' has made a total of 47 voyages〔"(Infographic in Russian describing the amount of voyages to the North Pole among Russian icebreakers )〕 to the North Pole. == Incidents and accidents == ;Fire:On 23 December 1996, a crew member was killed when a fire broke out on board the icebreaker. The nuclear reactor powering the ship was not affected by the fire. The crew extinguished the blaze within 30 minutes. ;Collision:On March 16th, 2009 ''Yamal'' collided with the product tanker MT ''Indiga'' in Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea. While the tanker suffered a crack on the main deck, no damage was reported for ''Yamal''.〔(Ice-breaker collides with tanker in Arctic Ocean ), PortWorld News, 2009-03-30.〕〔(Nuclear powered icebreaker collided with oil tanker ), BarentsObserver, 2009-03-24.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yamal (icebreaker)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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